### Benjamin Kovach

Sorting is a fairly major topic of study when it comes to programming, and there are tons of ways to do it. I don’t know how interesting these algorithms are to other people, but they have always been an interest of mine. I think they’re neat because they illustrate that there can be several ways to tackle even the simplest of tasks (which, in my opinion, is one of the things that makes programming so fun!).

Since I’m always looking for new things to try, I’ve decided to take a few of the common sorting algorithms and implement them on my own in Haskell. For those of you who aren’t familiar with it, here’s a brief overview.

Most programming languages (Java, C++, Python, Ruby, Javascript, etc) are defined as imperative, which basically means that programs are executed line-by-line. Many of the aforementioned languages are also defined as object-oriented, meaning that virtually everything is a part of an object. I won’t get into the details about OOP here, since we’re talking about Haskell, but you can read about it if you’d like. Haskell differs from these languages by conforming to a paradigm in which everything is defined as a function. Objects are not present here, and iterative steps don’t quite work in the same way – nothing is being executed line-by-line – all instructions are defined in functions. This is a rather mind-blowing concept, but it’s extremely cool once you can get a mental grasp on it.

Back to the point of the blog post. I’ll be covering how to implement three sorting algorithms in a functional manner: Bubble Sort, Insertion Sort, and finally, Quicksort. If you don’t have a background in Haskell, this might all come off as programming jargon, but if you’re looking for an interesting new look at these algorithms you’ve seen a billion times implemented imperatively, or are interested in picking up Haskell as a hobby or something, I’d recommend reading on.

#### Bubble Sort

The bubble sort algorithm is as follows:

1. Take an array’s first two elements (we’ll call the first one x, and the second one y)
2. If x is less than y, leave those elements alone. If not, swap y with x, so that the array now reads [y, x, (the rest of the array)]
3. Repeat this for each element in the array, swapping as it goes along.
4. Check to see if the list is sorted. If not, rerun the algorithm on the result of the last iteration of the function.
5. When list is sorted, return the result. Here it is in Haskell:
bubbleSort :: (Ord a) => [a] -> [a]
bubbleSort [] = []
bubbleSort [x] = [x]
bubbleSort (x:y:xs) = if sorted thisSort then thisSort else bubbleSort thisSort
where thisSort = (min x y) : bubbleSort ((max x y):xs)

sorted :: (Ord a) => [a] -> Bool
sorted [] = True
sorted [x] = True
sorted (x:y:xs) = if x <= y then sorted (y:xs) else False

Rather long, but effective. Bubble Sort isn’t the most efficient sorting algorithm, especially since it has to do all of that checking if it’s already sorted. I’m not a big fan of this one.

#### Insertion Sort

Insertion sort is pretty simple to follow. We start with an array, as always, and then follow these steps:

1. Pop the first element of the array off of the array, and populate a new array with it.
2. For each element after the first in the array, insert it at it’s proper sorted location in the array.
3. Return the final list of sorted numbers. Let’s see what this looks like in Haskell:
import Data.List

insertionSort :: (Ord a) => [a] -> [a]
insertionSort = foldr insert [] 

How elegant is that? This could take many lines in an imperative language, but we make use of Haskell’s recursive foldr method to populate our sorted list, and the appropriately named function insert taken from the Data.List package helps us to populate it in the exact manner we’re looking for.

#### Quicksort

The Quicksort algorithm can be pretty intimidating, especially at first glance. This is because it makes use of recursion to accomplish it’s sorting, which is a particularly tough concept to fully understand when it comes to programming. The instructions for Quicksort look a little something like this:

1. Choose any point in the array as a “pivot” point.
2. Create two new arrays, one populated with the numbers in the array less than the pivot, and another with the numbers greater than the pivot.
3. Recursively call Quicksort on both of the lists, until these lists (inevitably) turn up empty, at which point the function returns an empty list.
4. At this point, the recursion unwinds itself, and we concatenate the recursively sorted arrays together.

(I would recommend reading up on this algorithm if the above instructions do not make sense; I am not the best at explaining things) Sounds complicated, right? Here’s a Haskell implementation:

quickSort :: (Ord a) => [a] -> [a]
quickSort [] = []
quickSort (x:xs)  = quickSort smaller ++ [x] ++ quickSort larger
where smaller = filter (<=x) xs
larger  = filter (> x) xs

What? It only takes five lines to implement Quicksort? This is why Haskell is so cool to me. Compare this with something like, say, a Java implementation, and you’ll see what I mean. It’s just so simple! We’re simply defining quickSort as a quickSorted list of smaller numbers concatenated with a singleton list containing a pivot, concatenated with a quickSorted list of larger numbers. Easy to read, though the algorithm may seem pretty complicated at first glance.